Noxopharm White Paper

NOXOPHARM L IMITED White Paper 2 Veyonda® – how it works Idronoxil’s target is the enzyme, external NAD oxidase disulphide- thiol exchanger Type 2 (or ENOX2 ). This enzyme sits on the outer surface of the cell and its lengthy name is the result of having two completely unrelated and separate functions, a rare event among enzymes: • NAD oxidase function – this relates to the movement of atomic particles (electrons in and protons out) across the cell’s outer membrane, setting up a battery-like transmembrane electron potential that generates the energy to power the multitude of functions going on in the cell membrane. • Disulphide-thiol exchange – this exchange ensures the correct folding of cellular proteins once they are made, and allows the cell to grow. While such double function is rare, what makes ENOX2 truly unique is that enzyme switches on a regular basis between the two separate functions. The switching (or oscillation time) occurs with atomic clock-like precision, serving as an important internal time-keeping function (known as ultradian rhythm ) that helps regulate a broad range of metabolic functions within the cell. Blocking the function of ENOX2, therefore, has 3 adverse consequences for the cell: • Inability to run the myriad of functions that occur in the cell membrane and that play a vital role in the cell’s ability to respond to body commands. • Inability to grow. • Multiple knock-on disruptions following loss of internal time-keeping (ultradian rhythm), vital for fast-growing cells. Idronoxil is no different to other drugs in binding to a single protein target (ENOX2). However, the multiple functions of ENOX2 are so unique, and the reliance of the cell on that one protein so broad, that the mix of consequences of knocking out ENOX2 are equally unique and broad. Hence the drug’s ability to execute such a wide range of effects, including apparent conflicting effects such as switching on an underperforming immune system in the case of cancer, or switching off an overperforming immune system in the case of septic shock. The consequences of shutting down ENOX2 function are so broad, that the task of identifying them is an ongoing process. But... we are confident that we have identified the key steps that account for the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of Veyonda.